The southern edge reached the frontal thrusts near 86 deg east (Sapkota et al 2011). (1981). Today, over 60% of the country lies in the three higher seismic zones (III, IV and V of Indian Seismic Code (e.g. Martin, S., & Szeliga, W. (2010). Survey of India, Calcuta (391 pp). The paper emphases the importance of seismic consideration, methodical analysis . Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 119(9), 71237163. *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. Geophysical Research Letters. These effects are discussed in detail by Hough and Bilham (2008). India Spec. listrik dan panas, serta mempunyai titik cair tinggi. As per the report, distribution of damage in northern India was very uneven. Using Chen and Molnar's (1977) relocated epicenter and the region of maximum shaking intensity and subsidence as proxy measures of the centroid of the 1934 earthquake we conclude that the rupture propagated from east to west. 13-National Earthquake Safety Day, 2011, Nepal. Just after the avalanche, about 200 people were left stranded on the mountain as help couldn't reach them due to the risky condition of the mountain. Geol. M8.7 Assam earthquake, 1905 M8.6 Kangra earthquake, 1934 M8.4 Bihar-Nepal earthquake and the 1950 M8.6 Assam-Tibet earthquake. [6], In Muzaffarpur, sand fissures erupted at several places in town. Damage there was generally less widespread, with fewer deaths recorded. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Seismicity in the Himalayas is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting. 2 409-452. Thus much of the damage in northern India was not due to high ground acceleration there but rather due to surface disruption of the earths surfacial layers. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. Most of the buildings are masonry structures which were heavily damaged during the earthquake. Following are the effects of the earthquake: Ground shaking: Surface waves that are near the epicenter are responsible for the earthquake. (2017b). Theres never any convenient time for any. Effects of Tapered Flange: (i) Bolted Connection: Bolt . Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 5, 2244. 1988 A.D. / 2045 B.S. 4, pp. Cur Sci, 83, 10191025. Extensive damage was caused to life and property. Res. Post earthquake aggradation processes to hide surface ruptures in thrust systems: The M8.3, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake ruptures at Charnath Khola (Eastern Nepal). Brett (1935) reported 7253 deaths in Bihar.After the earthquake John Auden (brother of the poet laureat W.H. This quake took place in January, but the intensity was very high, with a magnitude. In this year 1934-35 the local Government had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the cultivators to ascertain if the situation had worsened. A SYMPOSIUM on the origin of the North Bihar Earthquake of January 15th, 1931, was held at a joint meeting of the Mathematics, Physics and Geology Sections of the Indi in Scieace Congress, 1935, under the Chairmanship of Dr. Ii. Peculiarly enough the damages were more in the part of the town to the north of the Railway station. (2019). A., Auden, J. The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. It should be noted that peak shaking occurred only after few minutes of initiation of shaking allowing sufficient time for evacuation at the mid-day; hence less casualties. Your email address will not be published. Floods were there in the rivers carrying dirty waters. In: P. J. Treloar, & M. P. Searle (Eds. 3. The towns of Munger and Muzaffarpur were completely destroyed. 1.Bihar Earthquake, 1934 This quake is considered to be one of the worst quakes in Indian history. 3. Bashyal, R. P. (1998). If an earthquake of magnitude 1934 is reported at this time, one can estimate 40,000 dead, 90,000 injured and between 6,000,000 and 9,000,000 homeless are expected. In few cases, buildings were subsided by 3-4 feet too. In G. J. Schenk (Ed. Earthquakes occur when a fault slips suddenly as a result of excessive stresses generated by tectonic processes, thus contributing to the deformation of the earths surface. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. New observations disagree with previous interpretations of surface rupture along the himalayan frontal thrust during the great 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake. excessive rain during the earthquakes cause damage to the bridges. U. Darbhanga and Laheriasarai had similar damages and the buildings belonging to the Darbhanga Raj were very badly affected. (M 6.9) 3. Journal of Geophysical Research, 82, 29452969. 4. ", "Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent: The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934, and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935", 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934_NepalIndia_earthquake&oldid=1133023739, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 January 2023, at 22:58. Internet Explorer). Everest. The majority of deaths and injuries reported due to earthquake in Bihar have been not mainly due to the falling structure on people, but also due to panic, cardiac arrest and stampede. Glorious Sacrifices of Bihar during Quit India Movement 1942 : In Numbers. Recovered bench-marks measured along the 550-km-long leveling line between 84 deg E and 88 deg E subside by as much as 1.1m near points that have subsided by less than 0.2m, and hence the data are considered more a measure of sediment slumping and liquefaction than a measure of earthquake-related footwall subsidence (Bilham et al 1998). Duvall, M., Waldron, J. W. F., Godin, L., & Najman, Y. In: Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent. [7], A 1935 work by Major General Brahma Shamsher documenting the event, Nepalko Maha Bhukampa 1990, stated that this was Nepal's most destructive earthquake in living memory, and praised the Nepalese Army for its work in relief efforts. It is said that the epicentral region is close to this area and the North Bihar is a region of great under-load arising from very density in the crust and because of the low density of the alluvium of the Ganges Valley. This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per writing my paper news. In 2016, floods affected over 2.2 million people along the Ganga, including in Bihar's capital Patna, despite 14% less than average rainfall in the state. Chen W-P and Molnar P 1977 Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in Central Asia; Geophys. In Birgunj, several houses were damaged alongwith ground fissuring at many locations with emergence of water. 2015 Nepal Earthquake Ahsan Jadoon Department of E&ES Bahria University 2. You can also search for this author in Likewise, damage was observed in Gorkha, Ilam, Nuwakot, Pokhara, Palpa, Bhimphedi too. [9], The number of deaths was 10,70012,000[4][2] with 7,253 recorded in Bihar. Western part of the Kathmandu suffered relatively less damage. It is considerably more challenging to put out the fire because of the destruction caused by the earthquake. The official death toll was reported to be 8000 in Nepal and about 7000 in India, but the unofficial sources put the Indian figure near 25,000. Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. The following entry is based on summaries found in Bilham et al (1998; 2001) and Hough & Bilham,(2008). For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenburg & Richter (1954). When constructed c.200 BC, the Kesariya Stupa, at a probable height of 50 m, may have been the highest stupa in the world. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. ), Earthquake prediction-an international review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical Union (Vol. There was no reliable statistics of the loss to the property in money equivalent. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., Pierce, I. K., Karki, A., & Gautam, D. (2017a). The earthquake shocks of magnitude 5 to 6 have been recorded in the Garhwal region in 1803, 1809, 1816, 1966, generally referred to as the Chamoli earthquake. Seismic instruments of that period were adequate to measure the magnitudes and properties of earthquakes smaller than magnitude 6 or so, but were not sensitive to the longer wavelengths and periods of great earthquakes such as the Bihar event. Also, the strong emphasis on the destruction in India left the impression that epicenter of 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake laid not within the Himalaya but south of the range, in the plains of India. India, 73. Rana, B. S. (2013). The mechanism was a shallow thrust its rupture location is not well constrained. gave employment to the labouring classes while the excellence of the Rabi crops in the flooded areas compensated the common cultivator for the loss of his badhai harvest. The study reported that the recovery was faster . Five villages of Lalitpur viz; Lubhu, Harisiddhi, Bungamati, Khokana, Sanogaun suffered almost 99% of building collapse. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934 C. D. Nature 136 , 485-486 ( 1935) Cite this article 579 Accesses Metrics Abstract SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. efficacy test has been carried out by considering macroseismic intensity map of 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (shown in Fig. Duda S 1965 Secular seismic energy release in circum-Pacific belt; Tectonophys. 125 people lost their lives, 248 were seriously injured. Sukhija, B. S., Rao, M. N., Reddy, D. V., Nagabhushanam, P., Kumar, D., Lakshmi, B. V., & Sharma, P. (2002). Intensities reported for the earthquake were rendered complex by the prevalence of liquefaction, by basin resonance and by directivity. Gutenberg B and Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. The results indicated that there had been no marked increase either in the transfer of land or in borrowing money accepting among the improvident aboriginals of Monghyr and Bhagalpur districts. Ambraseys N and Douglas J 2004 Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes; Geophys. Pandey, M. R., & Molnar, P. (1988). It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. - 202.3.109.12. 1a, b) and PGA-European Macroseismic Scale (EMS, Grnthal 1998) relation. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in : , . Princeton University Press. This last event occurred within the circular region itself, as indicated by the small yellow marker. 15 Feb, 2021, 11.19 PM IST. Some river beds had moved away from their direction and Captain L. E. Whitehead, Pilot Superintendent of I. G. Navigation Company stated that the water was 2 feet 6 inches deeper over 5 shoals between Colgong and Goalunda. It was accompanied by spectacular effects of slumping, subsidence of ground, fissures in alluvium and sand, and water fountains. ; epicenter of the earthquake was supposed to lie within the plains of Northern India : Bihar. The damage caused by the Bihar earthquake of 15 January, 1934, measuring 8.4 on Richter scale, include 10,700 human deaths, landslides and slumping in an area of 250 km length and 60 km width, ruptures and faults in the ground surface etc. Feldl N and Bilham R 2006 Great Himalayan Earthquakes and the Tibetan Plateau; Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199. The 7.9-magnitude earthquake that struck Nepal and neighbouring Indian states on Saturday, leaving a massive trail of death and devastation, jolted memories of the catastrophic 1934 tragedy, which had claimed several thousands of human lives on both sides of the Himalayas. In contrast to Indian region, damage in Nepal was clearly due to ground shaking; and as per the reports, it was comparable or even higher than in northern India. 110 1010-1027. Singh, D. D., & Gupta, H. K. (1980). [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. Res. Everest. Singh D D and Gupta H K 1980 Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar- Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935; Bull. and Geology at UC Davis and In Nepal, 8519 people lost their lives whereas in India 7188 people lost their lives. Topographic map of india depicts the epicentral locations of three large earthquakes; 1803 Uttaranchal earthquake (Mw 7.5); 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (Mw 8.1) and 2001 Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.7), marked as filled stars and the locations of the affected areas considered for the study (marked as rectangles).Most of the study areas are located on the river banks as well as on the alluvial . Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad. Surv. The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); At this moment, there are still a few COVID-19 variants, Have you ever considered that there were even more dangerous, Are Covid Vaccinations really THAT Safe? The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. The 1934 Bihar earthquake is considered as one of the disastrous earthquakes in the history of the nation. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepal's History. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature (Nature) Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. stiffness were widely publicised and led to the general adoption in the construction of private buildings. Tect. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. Additionally, Devastatingdisasters.com participates in various other affiliate programs, and we sometimes get a commission through purchases made through our links. Brett,W.B. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. Bihar earthquake: The state has yet again been hit by a quake on Saturday with the intensity measured at 5.7 magnitude on the Richter scale today - similar reports also came from West Bengal, Sikkim. As per the recorded data velocity of ground shaking had been estimated in Kathmandu as 8 ft/sec with higher values of 10 ft/sec in Bhaktapur, and in some villages of Lalitpur. The Himalayas from Assam westward have experienced four large earthquakes over the past one hundred years, each one of them of magnitude 8 or more. [15][16] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people with food and shelter.[17]. [5] Ground effects [ edit] A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. THE DISTRIBUTION OF INTENSITY OF THE BIHAR-NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 15 JANUARY 1934 AND BOUNDS ON THE EXTENT OF THE RUPTURE ZONE M. R. Pandey* and Peter Molnar ** ABSTRACT We have recompiled the descriptions of damage and destruction caused by the 15 January 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake, given by both Dunn et al. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. Poignantly, in 1934, the country's parliamentat the time, a rump body under his thumbpassed a law endowing him with . First published on Sat 25 Apr 2015 16.53 EDT. Approximately 10,500 deaths are reported for the earthquake, but the true death toll in Nepal is unknown. The clock of the tower in the Patna Secretariat had stopped. [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. Bettinelli P, Avouac J-P, Flouzat M, Jouanne F, Bollinger L, Willis P and Chitrakar G R 2006 Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements; J. Geod. The quake was felt at far-off places such as Kanpur (440 km south-east from the [4] The areas where the most damage to life and property occurred extended from Purnea in the east to Champaran in the west (a distance of nearly 320km or 200mi), and from Kathmandu in the north to Munger in the south (a distance of nearly 465km or 289mi). Geological observations on large earthquakes along the himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu. The great Indian Earthquake of January 15, 1934. 5 US States Most Likely to Get Hit by Natural Disasters, 4 US Airports With The Worst Passenger Experience, 12 Insane Weapons You Can Legally Own in Most States. . Of interest is that the localized enhancement or suppression of shaking in this great earthquake provide a template for future microzonation. As this earthquake occurred in the early afternoon, when most people were outdoors, only 12,000 people were killed. Motihari suffered severely and most of the Government buildings, school and hospital were damaged. Wesnousky, S. G. (2020). For More Information. In: Survey of India Geodetic Report 1936, (eds). Introduction Time & date : 8:46 am 26 January 2001 Place : Bhuj, Gujarat Magnitude : 7.9 Intensity : X Epicenter : 23.419N 70.232E Focal length : 23 kms Season : Winter Damages : Over 18,600 persons are dead and over 167,000 injured. The 1934 NepalIndia earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in India's history. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period. PubMedGoogle Scholar, D., C. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934. The area west of Kathmandu has not ruptured in the last three hundred years and stands out as a potential site for future great Himalayan earthquakes. 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[ 17 ] rivers dirty!, Devastatingdisasters.com participates in various other effects of bihar earthquake 1934 programs, and we sometimes get a commission through purchases through. Commission through purchases made through our links small yellow marker by spectacular effects of worst... Widespread, with a magnitude had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the Government House damaged... Relief camps providing the affected people with food and shelter. [ 17 ] per report. Per writing my paper news ] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people with and... It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of the buildings along the himalayan fault. Writing my paper news Kangra earthquake, 1905 M8.6 Kangra earthquake, 1934 M8.4 Bihar-Nepal earthquake resonance... Society, 5, 2244 Assam earthquake, 1934 M8.4 Bihar-Nepal earthquake from the most affected arrived...