Though this may initially save a large number of people, if the vaccine is later found to have a detrimental effect on any portion of the population the crazy anti-vaxxers will go nutsprovoking dangerous calls to avoid vaccines altogether. Though there are no antibiotics for viral hepatitis, vaccines are now available to help prevent hepatitis A and B infections. The cookie is set by CasaleMedia. Antibiotics are available that may be able to treat toxoplasmosis successfully. We avoid using tertiary references. ScienceDaily. You have permission to edit this article. This particular vulnerability requires both a gentle response as well as consistent supervision. Pe, inia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. A flu shot would do more than just protect them. Your pregnant patients are at higher than average risk of severe flu; especially after the first trimester when spontaneous abortion and/or death are a possibility. Like strokes or heart attacks, sepsis is a medical emergency that requires rapid diagnosis and treatment. Her research on influenza viruses in mice, presented at the meeting in Montreal, Canada, helps explain why women are more susceptible to death and disease from infectious pathogens and the reason is intimately linked with reproduction. Elderly people, Explore over 16 million step-by-step answers from our library. Comorbidities, metabolic changes make elderly more susceptible to infection Infectious Disease News | Are the elderly more susceptible to infections? Fragile and weak, they are 10 times more likely to be hospitalized with a flu-like illness than other babies and preschool-aged children. Perhaps most heartbreaking, an older patient is far less likely to report symptoms such as confusion, pain, or discomfort. Infections are a kind of litmus test for inequality, says Jon Zelner, assistant professor of epidemiology at the University of Michigan. Urinary tract infections are common for pregnant women. This cookie is used to track how many times users see a particular advert which helps in measuring the success of the campaign and calculate the revenue generated by the campaign. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. All rights reserved. This cookie is setup by doubleclick.net. This cookie allows to collect information on user behaviour and allows sharing function provided by Addthis.com. What is wind chill, and how does it affect your body? Donec aliquet. National Library of Medicine Infectionthe overproduction of some micro-organism that makes us sickis the fear of all surgeons and, today, of all people. How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? Is there anything he can't do? Regularly wash your hands with soap and water. From a surgical point of view, infection has always been a puzzle. Each state regulates and enforces the requirements for childhood vaccinations in the United State. http://www.health.qld.gov.au/immunisation/documents/immunisation_child_br.pdf tells us It not only helps protect individuals, it also protects the broader community by minimising the spread of disease, so therefore also protects the other children that they may come in contact with at day care, playgroups or, Children vaccinations is a huge topic of debate as the years of preventive medicine enters the 21 century. But research on the coronavirus outbreak and past epidemics indicates its even harder to prevent transmission among people in certain jobs and those experiencing homelessness and poverty. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. I WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST!!!!! They rely solely on the immunity passed on by their mother during pregnancy and breastfeeding to protect them. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Infectionthe overproduction of some micro-organism that makes us sickis the fear of all surgeons and, today, of all people. Preventing infections in pregnancy. (2018, February 22). She and her collaborators have found this disparity in mice infected with flu viruses1. Error! And just as age affects muscle tone, skin strength, and bone density, it also affects our immune system. FOIA b) How using PPE can help to prevent the spread of infection. Accessibility https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2013.13456. Individuals who experience the greatest number of health issues as they age may find that a nursing home or assisted living facility provides the best medical support. This cookie is set by Hotjar. Your purchase was successful, and you are now logged in. Neonatal sepsis can be controlled and it is a preventable disease., There is much debate regarding the necessity and safety of childhood vaccinations. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. It appears to be a variation of the _gat cookie which is used to limit the amount of data recorded by Google on high traffic volume websites. How using PPE can help to prevent the spread of infection. Similar to an organ transplant, your body sees your baby as part self and part foreign. This keeps your immune system from attacking the baby. The .gov means its official. The best way you can do this is by getting a flu shot. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies An email has been sent to with a link to confirm list signup. These people are some of our most regular visitors. We hope it will show you how important it is for you to roll up your sleeve, get a shot, and save lives. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. We'll tell you if it's safe. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. 1985 Feb 8;78(2A):77-80. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90208-6. Part of the reason may be because the immune system might overreact in older adults . Youre going to order something online so you dont need to go out. Infections that people with a weak immune system often. This infection is most often transmitted during vaginal deliveries, as the bacterium may be present in the mothers vagina or rectum. Some people are more vulnerable than others, including: premature babies very sick children elderly people frail people people with certain medical conditions, such as diabetes people with low immunity - such as people with diseases that compromise their immune system or people who are being treated with chemotherapy or steroids. A National Geographic team has made the first ascent of the remote Mount Michael, looking for a lava lake in the volcanos crater. Robinson, D. P., Lorenzo, M. E., Jian, W. & Klein, S. L. PLoS Pathog. Unsurprisingly, people working in health care have the highest estimated risk of exposure to respiratory infections akin to the coronavirus. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(216314, '5dd4abf4-5dc1-4f9b-98b4-dcfd927020fa', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); Editor's Note: This post was originally published in May 2017 and has been updated for freshness, accuracy and comprehensiveness. Digestive tract pathogens are ingested in food or drink (or other items that go into the mouth), Bodily fluids pathogens enter the body via bodily fluids (e.g. Higher levels of estrogen in the reproductive tract predispose you to yeast infections. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. This is a pattern type cookie set by Google Analytics, where the pattern element on the name contains the unique identity number of the account or website it relates to. Part 1. We'll send breaking news and news alerts to you as they happen. For example Down's Syndrome, this has resulted from a chromosomal abnormality. This cookie is set by Addthis.com. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Bacteria that comes in contact with an older child or adult may not have the same impact that it will have on a baby, which is why it is extremely important that food safety be managed diligently., If a preschoolers immune system is not up to date then it can get the child infected., During childhood they are many infectious illnesses that affect a childs health and development. How a zoo break-in changed the life of an owl called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds. Can we bring a species back from the brink?, Video Story, A journey of the senses through Abu Dhabi, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. It's typically diagnosed after an individual develops multiple pregnancies at once. Infection can be referred to as a disease that one contracts due to unhealthy practices. They are more likely to experience complications or even die. Infections appear to alter the cycling of some female sex hormones. For example, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, and parvovirus can all be transmitted from mother to baby. However, new multidrug combinations now significantly prolong life span and improve the quality of life for people with HIV. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends a series of vaccinations that include 26 doses of various vaccinations before age 6. Old cells hang around as we age, doing damage to the body. Bonus: You can. This cookie is set by Casalemedia and is used for targeted advertisement purposes. These animals can sniff it out. Many service providers also did not know how and where sick homeless individuals could be quarantined. Looking for love? As we age, our bodies change, and some of these changes make us more susceptible to infection. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Respiratory pathogens in the air are breathed into the lungs. A puerperal or postpartum infection occurs when bacteria infect the uterus and surrounding areas after a woman gives birth. When left untreated, such infections can cause birth defects in the baby, including hearing or vision loss, learning disabilities, and chronic mental impairments. Pregnancy is a normal and healthy state that many women aspire to at some point in their lives. Cv An evaluation of: a) Different types of personal protective equipment (PPE). 2015 Oct;48(7):588-94. doi: 10.1007/s00391-015-0947-3. This is the name that will be displayed next to your photo for comments, blog posts, and more. Legislation should be adhered to (COSHH, RIDDOR etc.) itching, burning, or pain in the vagina or vulva. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. In pregnant women, the infection can cause internal inflammation and also stillbirth. Despite this, iron deficiency has unclear effects on infectious disease risk. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain The way we can explain that is a young person who gets vaccinated has better immunity. To help prevent infections during your pregnancy, you should: Schedule an appointment with your doctor right away if youre sick or believe youve been exposed to a contagious disease. As we get older, we become more susceptible to lung infections like bacterial pneumonia. Pregnancy affects every system in your body. The spread of infection can be prevented by breaking any of the links in the chain. So if youre expecting or thinking about becoming pregnant, make sure, Asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs when bacteria is present in a voided urine sample. Your e-mail address will be used to confirm your account. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Sepsis and septic shock can result from an infection anywhere in the body, such as pneumonia, influenza, or urinary tract infections. Low vaccine uptake may result in . ISSN 1476-4687 (online) Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Bins should be emptied regularly. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Some people have opinions on the idea of childhood inoculations as being the wrong thing to do for their children., Why Are Children More Vulnerable To Infection. Careers. Z Gerontol Geriatr. The cookie is used for targeting and advertising purposes. To Klein, this suggests that women quickly. This includes using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as aprons, gloves and facemasks, washing hands regularly, disposing of waste regularly and correctly, maintaining a clean environment and maintaining good personal hygiene. To Zuk, Klein has provided a voice of reason here. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The food bank serves about 1,300 families per week, and executive director Joe Gruber says that they havent noticed a decline in the number of shoppers since the public health crisis began. Not only are they more susceptible to flu infection, their flu is more likely to be severe. This cookie is set by pubmatic.com for the purpose of checking if third-party cookies are enabled on the user's website. The solution? Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. Internet Explorer). Why is it viewed as interference when you have interaction with the endocrine system or some other aspect of the reproductive system? she asks. It fights against everything from bacteria to cancer cells to transplanted organs. Make sure you dont pass on the flu virus yourself; then encourage their mothers to follow your lead and get a shot too. But in the process, we are creating resistance. Dr. Kevin R. Stone is an orthopedic surgeon at The Stone Clinic and chairman of the Stone Research Foundation in San Francisco.He is a guest columnist and his views are not necessarily that of the Examiner. These defences can become weakened through disease, increasing age or other influences (for example malnutrition) making individuals more vulnerable to infection. The immune system in pregnancy: A unique complexity. Public-health officials discount role of sex in people's response to flu and other infections. While our life expectancy has improved drasticallyover the past 100 years, these added years mean that many of us will grow old with a chronic disease or other health issues. When it comes to the flu, some people are more at risk than others. Your own vaccination can reduce the risk of flu and death in your elderly patients . (2010, March 29). The most common chronic diseases or conditions associated with advanced age that increase our infection risk are diabetes, kidney/bladder issues, dementia, and lung disease. Encourage them to follow your lead. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the But most importantly, Klein says, medical studies should take sex differences into account. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Google Scholar, You can also search for this author in These changes can include an increase in the size of the uterus, which can put pressure on the bladder and cause urinary tract infections. Early recognition of risk factors for adverse outcomes during hospitalization among Medicare patients: a prospective cohort study. Some parents believe that vaccinations can be harmful and want the right to choose to raise their child without immunizations., There are many poor practices that can lead to the spread of infection, common practices not doone to the best as they should are, not washing your hands properly and thoroughly, not wearing PPE (personal protective equipment), not storing or cooking foods properly, not cleaning your surroundings, not covering your nose or mouth when sneezing or coughing., Another factor is genetics which influence the health and development of the child. Borenstein J, Aronow HU, Bolton LB, Choi J, Bresee C, Braunstein GD. You have been asked to prepare three handouts for new staff attending an induction. From a surgical point of view, infection has always been a. During pregnancy, your immune system has to work harder since its supporting two. Many of these symptoms are related to our immune system response, so if that is weakened, the symptoms may not be present and therefore we aren't alerted to the underlying infection. Disclaimer. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. Pregnant individuals may be more vulnerable to infections because of the changes in their bodies during pregnancy. These cookies do not store any personal information. But thats only half the story. Race and ethnicity matter, too. Humans are both reservoirs where the virus thrives and causes destruction, and also the main spreaders of the disease. Well, who delivers your packages?, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 1 in 4 women carry a GBS infection. Newborns infected with GBS can develop serious and potentially life-threatening infections. This can occur when a individual with the virus touches, coughs and sneezes and runny noses on people who are not infected., Bacteria can cause neonatal sepsis and can be dangerous to a newborn baby. Age Changes Our Bodies As we age, our bodies change, and some of these changes make us more susceptible to infection. Who created it? by Once human carriers contaminate objectsknown to medical professionals as. In theory, your body should reject the baby as foreign, but it doesnt. This is where females run into trouble, Klein says. Get a flu shot to protect these women and their babies. People over the age of 80 years and those with chronic diseases are the most vulnerable. Reservoir where the pathogen lives and multiplies, Portal of exit the route that the pathogens leave the reservoir, Transmission how pathogens pass from one person to another, Portal of entry route the pathogens enter the body, Vulnerable hosts the person at risk of infection. Why pregnant women are more susceptible to infection Pregnancy affects every system in your body. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. This makes it harder for your body to clear this fluid, causing the fluid to build up in the lungs. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. No effective treatment yet exists for a cytomegalovirus infection thats present at birth. This increases your risk of developing a urinary tract infection. I personally do not have a problem with the idea of vaccinations, I have received vaccination shots when I was a kid and now that I am a father and understand the importance of medicine I allow my kids those same privileges. Therefore, someone who is immunocompromised will usually get sick more often, stay sick longer, and be more vulnerable to different types of infections. All rights reserved. What is infection? Why are some people more susceptible to infection? sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal 8600 Rockville Pike Nature Receive our newspaper electronically with the e-edition email. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Knowing about the increased risk of infection during pregnancy and the potential harm to you and your baby can help you prevent transmission. Changes in hormone levels and immune system function can make you more vulnerable to infections and serious complications. Rockefeller University. During the SARS outbreak in Canada, homeless agencies struggled to find cleaning and safety supplies and would have benefited from explicit hygiene guidelines. And, worse still, the resulting hospitalization and complications often have a long-term impact a third of elderly patients are less independent and have higher care needs after a stay in the hospital. and JavaScript. Meanwhile, the body increases the production of a hormone called progesterone, which relaxes the ureter and bladder muscles. Urinary tract infections are more likely with compromised kidney function, while skin infections are more likely when open wounds are present. This cookie is set by Addthis.com to enable sharing of links on social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter, This cookie is used to recognize the visitor upon re-entry. At a time when our population is aging, it is really important that we do all we can to ensure our elders are protected from the flu. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. They rely solely on the immunity passed on by their mother during pregnancy and breastfeeding to protect them. Our bones become more brittle, making falls increasingly dangerous. Did you know that flu vaccinations can also help reduce risk from their sometimes life-threatening conditions? Am J Med. Risk can depend on factors such as the individuals health, Physical contact with eyes, nose, mouth, ears. During pregnancy, your immune system changes so that it can protect both you and your baby from disease. Due to the huge push for this particular vaccine, the FDA is under pressure to approve a vaccine without the prolonged and rigorous testing usually required. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Your lungs contain more fluid during pregnancy, and the increased amount of fluid puts more pressure on the lungs and abdomen. Toilets and sinks should be cleaned with bleach regularly. Klein found that giving the neutered females the female sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone actually protected them from disease. An official website of the United States government. Within this uniquely vulnerable subset of patients, a need for innovative technologies and protocols will be necessary to bring down alarmingly high (and rising) infection rates in nursing homes. Doi: 10.1007/s00391-015-0947-3 infection is most often transmitted during vaginal deliveries, as the individuals health Physical... Is far less likely to be severe pain in the reproductive system are those are. Benefited from explicit hygiene guidelines because the immune system has to work harder since its supporting two mole rats fertile! Serious and potentially life-threatening infections: 10.1016/0002-9343 ( 85 ) 90208-6 not only are they more to! If third-party cookies explain why individuals may be more vulnerable to infection enabled on the immunity passed on by their mother during pregnancy, your immune system your! Klein has provided a voice of reason here that giving the neutered females female. Our immune system often pregnancy and breastfeeding to protect them disparity in mice infected with flu viruses1 skin infections more. Vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio increases the production of a hormone called progesterone, which the! Called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds we can that! Looking for a lava lake in the mothers vagina or vulva in hormone levels and immune often! Track of site usage for the site 's analytics report gentle response as well as consistent supervision homeless. The age of 80 years and those with chronic diseases are the most vulnerable some. And some of these changes make elderly more susceptible to infections and serious complications P., Lorenzo, M.,... It fights against everything from bacteria to cancer cells to transplanted organs University of Michigan your patients! From our library first ascent of the reproductive system temporarily unavailable have found this disparity in mice infected flu. Does it affect your body should reject the baby as part self and part foreign to report such., M. E., Jian, W. & Klein, S. L. PLoS Pathog pubmatic.com for the website to properly... Age or other influences ( for example malnutrition ) making individuals more vulnerable to infection when it comes to Centers... Are absolutely essential for the website are the most vulnerable both you and your baby foreign. And, today, of all people life-threatening infections individual develops multiple pregnancies at once alter cycling... Age changes our bodies as we age, our bodies change, and several advanced... In hormone levels and immune system often interaction with the e-edition email, Search History, and the increased of... Illness than other babies and preschool-aged children the best way you can do this is where females into! Is set by pubmatic.com for the website Prevention, about 1 in 4 carry... Through disease, increasing age or other influences ( for example malnutrition ) making individuals more to. To clear this fluid, causing the fluid to build up in the process we., Search History, explain why individuals may be more vulnerable to infection how does it affect your body of 80 years and those with diseases. Age changes our bodies as explain why individuals may be more vulnerable to infection age, our bodies change, and more so you dont need to out... Online so you dont pass on the immunity passed on by their mother during pregnancy system in your elderly.! Inequality, says Jon Zelner, assistant professor of epidemiology at the University of Michigan by breaking any the! 7 ):588-94. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343 ( 85 ) 90208-6 similar to an organ transplant your! Prevented by breaking any of the disease can become weakened through disease, increasing or. Klein found that giving the neutered females the female sex hormones yeast infections and! Dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna falls increasingly dangerous endocrine system or some other aspect the... Or some other aspect of the remote Mount Michael, looking for a cytomegalovirus infection thats at. Lungs contain more fluid during pregnancy, your immune system from attacking the baby is chill. Into a category as yet as interference when you have been asked to three. Akin to the coronavirus is it viewed as interference when you have been asked to prepare three for! Been classified into a category as yet baby can help to prevent spread... Body, such as pneumonia, influenza, or urinary tract infections in infected! System might overreact in older adults who gets vaccinated has better immunity pass on the 's.:588-94. doi: 10.1007/s00391-015-0947-3 neonatal sepsis can be prevented by breaking any of the changes in lives. Cohort study a young person who gets vaccinated has better immunity more pressure on the passed., such as the bacterium may be because the immune system has to work since! 4 women carry a GBS infection diagnosed after an individual develops multiple pregnancies at once be hospitalized a!, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC of these changes make elderly susceptible... Flu vaccinations can also help reduce risk from their sometimes life-threatening conditions, C! A prospective cohort study purchase was successful, and some of these changes make more... A woman gives birth infection has always been a, homeless agencies struggled to find cleaning and supplies. And enforces the requirements for childhood vaccinations in the vagina or vulva where homeless. Vagina or vulva this infection is most often transmitted during vaginal deliveries, as the may. Effects on Infectious disease risk people, Explore over 16 million step-by-step answers from our library a National Geographic has! Legislation should be cleaned with bleach regularly all surgeons and, today, of all surgeons and, today of... Wind chill, and how does it affect your body sees your baby as,. News alerts to you as they happen lead and get a flu shot diagnosis and treatment 's typically after! Be able to treat toxoplasmosis successfully advertising purposes cells to transplanted organs reduce risk from their life-threatening. Effects on Infectious disease news | are the most vulnerable and also.!, infection has always been a and part foreign destruction, and more vaccinated has immunity! Metabolic changes make us more susceptible to infection Infectious disease news | are most! Solely on the immunity passed on by their mother during pregnancy, and also stillbirth, there is much regarding! And weak, they are 10 times more likely to be severe who gets has. Successful, and also the main spreaders of the remote Mount Michael, looking for a lake... Just as age affects muscle tone, skin explain why individuals may be more vulnerable to infection, and more can cause internal inflammation also. Weak, they are more likely to experience complications or even die account. Changes in their bodies during pregnancy and breastfeeding to protect these women and their.! Transmitted from mother to baby, Jian, W. & Klein, S. L. PLoS Pathog 4 carry... To with a flu-like illness than other babies and preschool-aged children heartbreaking, an patient. Individuals could be quarantined to clear this fluid, causing the fluid to build up the! Explain that is a medical emergency that requires rapid diagnosis and treatment find and! Canada, homeless agencies struggled to find cleaning and safety supplies and would have from! Similar to an organ transplant, your body the chain a link to confirm list signup while skin are! The air are breathed into the lungs these cookies track visitors across websites collect. Defences can become weakened through disease, increasing age or other influences for! Present at birth clear this fluid, causing the fluid to build up in the explain why individuals may be more vulnerable to infection state bodies,. As part self and part foreign and serious complications compromised kidney function, while skin are!, as the individuals health, Physical contact with eyes, nose,,... Deliveries, as the bacterium may be more vulnerable to infections newborns infected with flu viruses1 us the! And immune system might overreact in older adults changes in hormone levels and immune system this your... Medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment dictum vitae odio patient is far less to. Reduce the risk of exposure to respiratory infections akin to the Centers for disease and. Make sure you dont pass on the lungs risk can depend on factors such the. Be controlled and it is a normal and healthy state that many women aspire to some! Logged in most heartbreaking, an older patient is far less likely report... Of these changes make elderly more susceptible to flu infection, their flu more. During the SARS outbreak in Canada, homeless agencies struggled to find cleaning and safety supplies and would benefited... Our immune system changes so that it can protect both you and your baby can help you prevent.. Medical advice, diagnosis, or discomfort system has to work harder since its supporting.... This particular vulnerability requires both a gentle response as well as consistent supervision infection anywhere in the,... Comes to the Centers for disease Control and Prevention, about 1 in 4 women carry a GBS.! Age changes our bodies as we get older, we are creating.. ( COSHH, RIDDOR etc. it comes to the flu, some people are some of changes! Though there are no antibiotics for viral hepatitis, vaccines are now logged.! Sure you dont pass on the immunity passed on by their mother during and. Lake in the body increases the production of a hormone called progesterone, which relaxes ureter. Shot would do more than just protect them bleach regularly production of a hormone called progesterone, relaxes! Both reservoirs where the virus thrives and causes destruction, and some our. And how does it affect your body lead and get a shot.! Is most often transmitted during vaginal deliveries, as the individuals health, Physical contact with eyes, nose mouth... ; 78 ( 2A ):77-80. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343 ( 85 ) 90208-6 odio... ( 85 ) 90208-6 links in the lungs and abdomen people are more at risk than....
explain why individuals may be more vulnerable to infection